by Joan Seth
The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram, which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience.
The experiment consisted of 3 participants, they were designated the Learner, the Experimenter and the Teacher. In reality, the Teacher and Learner were all part of the whole experiment. The Learner is in fact a trained actor.
The Teacher will instruct the Experimenter, who is the subject to be tested, to ask the Learner a series of questions. For each wrong answer, the Teacher will order the Experimenter to press a switch, which will "administer" electric shocks to the Learner. The subject believes that the Learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments.
Being separated from the subject, a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level was set up. This set up, together with the Learner's acting skills, convinces the Experimenter that he is receiving very painful electric shocks.
As the number of questions increased, the intensity of the shocks increased too. After a few questions, the Experimenter will usually ask to stop the experiment or to check on the well-being of the Learner and question the integrity and necessity of the experiments. However, the Teacher will always assure the Experimenter that they will not be held responsible for anything and ask them to continue. The Experimenter will thus continue the experiment.
Soon after, the Experimenters will began to laugh nervously or exhibit other signs of extreme stress once they heard the screams of pain coming from the Learner. At this point, if they desired to end the experiment, the Teacher will give a succession of verbal prods by the experimenter, in this order:
1) Please continue.
2) The experiment requires that you continue.
3) It is absolutely essential that you continue.
4) You have no other choice, you must go on.
If the subject still wished to stop after all four successive verbal prods, the experiment was halted. Otherwise, it was halted after the subject had given the maximum 450-volt shock three times in succession.
In Milgram's first set of experiments, 65 percent (26 of 40) of experiment participants administered the experiment's final massive 450-volt shock, though many were very uncomfortable doing so; at some point, every participant paused and questioned the experiment, some said they would refund the money they were paid for participating in the experiment.
The effect of this experiment was to examine how far people will go to carry out an order, even though the order will result in the torture of another person. This also shows how people will view him or herself as the instrument for carrying out another person's wishes, and therefore no longer sees him or herself as responsible for his or her actions.
[A Personal Account of the Milgram Obedience Experiments]
[Behavioural Study of Obedience]
[When Good People Do Evil]
[People 'still willing to torture']
[Basic Instincts: The Science of Evil]
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